INTRODUCTION
I. What is hacking?
If you use the term 'hacking' in public areas, thoughts that will run through the minds of the people around you will be: "People who break into computers. People who steal private information. Criminals, Terrorists.", and things along those lines. This is because the term 'hacking' has been twisted by ignorance. The same ignorance that informs us of 'accurate' news every day. The same ignorance that lies about a term so pure just to make it self seem stronger. This ignorance has been fed into the minds of the people around us, almost spoon-fed. The public is a mindless pawn. It will believe whatever this ignorance feeds it. I say we take a stand. I say we wage war with ignorance.
Why?, you may ask. Why would all of these people twist something like that? It's because it was US who embraced the Information Age. It was US who felt right, understood and accepted, and at home through our phone lines. Not them. They were too busy feeding ignorance to the ignorant. They would rather pollute a term and stereotype all hackers as criminals than actually hear our sides of the stories or see our views on everything.
II. What is a hacker?
To me, a hacker is anyone willing to push farther and farther for the gain of knowledge and for the experience. This doesn't have to be in the technology area necessarily, however the term 'hacker' in this tutorial will be directly associated with computers.
Among hacker ethics, there are two types of hackers: white hats and black hats. Some even consider the 'gray hat', which is in between. A white hat is what a hacker truly i. They are in it for the knowledge, the experience, and because the Internet feels like a real home; like a place where they belong. They feel as though they know everyone on the Internet, even though they will probably never meet in person. Black hats, on the other hand, are not real hackers. They are people who will do everything just to be destructive. They are one reason that caused the pollution of the term 'hacker'. Many black hats are script kiddies, or 'skiddies'. This is a term used to identify people who download programs and use them for what they want to do. All they typically know is what to 'click' and what to 'type', but not how everything works. They will use these programs to cause damage and they won't even know what is going on. All they know is where to click to 'hack'.
III. Were do I start?
You may be a beginner hacker. You may be completely new to this, but that is ok. That is the reason why this tutorial was born. As long as you are willing to learn, we are willing to teach. But do note, you must 'crawl before you can walk'. What I am saying is that you need to learn the basics first. This means you SHOULDN'T join a website and immediately ask someone to tell you how to hack a website or a computer. Most likely, you will get no reply you are looking for, and you will end up getting looked down upon.
By the end of this tutorial, you should have a basic understanding of the basics. Feel free to ask questions if you get confused on anything though. Once you understand the basics, everything else will come to you easily.
THE BASICS
I. Networking
Millions of people surf the web each day, however, a small percentage of those people know how the Internet works.
First off, realize that the web and the Internet are two SEPARATE things. The web is all the content on the Internet that can be viewed, modified, shared, etc. through HTTP (Port 80). We will talk about ports later. The Internet is all of the networks in the world and all the ports put together.
-LANs and WANs
There are two types of networks, LANs and WANs. A LAN (Local Area Network) is a network in one area. LANs are typically on the same internet connection (a T1 or T3, depending on how rich the bastards are), and have things such as file and printer sharing enabled. A WAN (Wide Area Network) is a group of inter-connected LANs. Ultimate WAN is the Internet. Think of it like this: All the computers in your school make up a LAN. That LAN may share different drives for students and/or teachers to access and may also have numerous printers shared. Also, that LAN may have a few smaller LANs within it (i.e. A computer lab and a library). All the schools' LANs make up your school district's WAN.
-TCP/IP
You probably use the web a lot, as do milions of others. But do you know what happens internally, or how you are able to use the Internet?
The fact is that there are many different things that occur just when you check your email, make a blog post, or even visit a website. Most of the responsibility of your ability to use the Internet lies with TCP/IP.
While I'm not going to give you a full tutorial of TCP/IP (you can view one here.) simply because I don't want to confuse you, I will explain the basics. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is all the different processes that occur when the Internet is accessed.
When a program transfers data between your computer and the Internet, it uses TCP/IP. First, it sends the request to your TCP/IP layer. Your TCP/IP layer then takes the data, breaks it down into packets, transfers it through the modem to the cables, and sends it to the destination. The receiving machine's TCP/IP layer then takes the data off the cable, compiles the packets into user-readable data, and then displays it. All of this is done in a matter of seconds.
-IP Addresses
Fingerprints. Everyone has them. They help identify criminals and help to solve cases. The familiarity of this term mostly makes you think of that, but in the technology world, you should consider computer fingerprints.
IP Addresses are computer fingerprints. They function just like human fingerprints in a way. They help to solve computer crimes.
But there is a way that human fingerprints and computer fingerprints differ: If you find someone's fingerprint, you can't simply track them down and attack them. With a computer fingerprint, this can be accomplished.
IP Addresses are a set of four numbers ranging from 0 to 255 that are separated by periods (i.e. 65.72.73.81). There are two types of IP Addresses: static and dynamic. Static IPs (or external IPs) never change. They are assigned to connections by ISPs. Dynamic IPs (or internal IPs) are changeable, and they are assigned to devices on a LAN. Note that most computer IPs begin with '192.168' (i.e. 192.168.1.1)
With an IP, someone can find where you live, your network information (ISP, hostname, etc.), and they can even attack you (in cyber terms, not physically, (unless they come to your house O_o))
-Ports
Ports are how all your data transactions are organized. Without ports, you would get data errors, overflows, etc..
There are two types of ports: physical and virtual. Physical ports are on the back of your computer. They require human/physical interaction to be modified. Virtual ports, however, do not require human interaction, although many interactions involve a human.
There are 65, 535 ports. Ports from 0 to 1023 are not allowed for use by programmers. These ports come pre-defined on each computer. They are for common protocols such as HTTP (web), FTP (File Transferring), and Telnet. After ports 1023, the rest can be used for pretty much anything (even more than one protocol/app, as long as it is one at a time.
List of Well Known Ports
# Description
1 TCP Port Service Multiplexer (TCPMUX)
5 Remote Job Entry (RJE)
7 ECHO
18 Message Send Protocol (MSP)
20 FTP -- Data
21 FTP -- Control
22 SSH Remote Login Protocol
23 Telnet
25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
29 MSG ICP
37 Time
42 Host Name Server (Nameserv)
43 WhoIs
49 Login Host Protocol (Login)
53 Domain Name System (DNS)
69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
70 Gopher Services
79 Finger
80 HTTP
103 X.400 Standard
108 SNA Gateway Access Server
109 POP2
110 POP3
115 Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)
118 SQL Services
119 Newsgroup (NNTP)
137 NetBIOS Name Service
139 NetBIOS Datagram Service
143 Interim Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
150 NetBIOS Session Service
156 SQL Server
161 SNMP
179 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
190 Gateway Access Control Protocol (GACP)
194 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
197 Directory Location Service (DLS)
389 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
396 Novell Netware over IP
443 HTTPS
444 Simple Network Paging Protocol (SNPP)
445 Microsoft-DS
458 Apple QuickTime
546 DHCP Client
547 DHCP Server
563 SNEWS
569 MSN
1080 Socks
II. Your Operating System
The operating system of your computer is how you interact with your computer. The layer you see is a Graphical User Interface (GUI). Under that, there is the shell and then the kernel. The GUI layer sends commands to the shell, which is the interface (with no graphics) of the kernel, which is basically the 'brain' of your computer. The kernel then executes the command and sends output back to the shell, which sends it to the GUI, which displays it. This is done by the scripts of your operating system and the scripts of whatever program/tool you are using.
I.E.: You double-click on Notepad. Your GUI layer calls up your shell and says, "Hey, this kid wants to open Notepad.". The shell relays the message with the proper command (which is 'start notepad') to the kernel, which runs through all the scripts required to open Notepad, and then opens it. It calls the shell and says, "Done. Tell the GUI layer to open such and such scripts to display it interactively.". They shell relays this to the GUI, which displays an interactive Notepad window.
I. What is hacking?
If you use the term 'hacking' in public areas, thoughts that will run through the minds of the people around you will be: "People who break into computers. People who steal private information. Criminals, Terrorists.", and things along those lines. This is because the term 'hacking' has been twisted by ignorance. The same ignorance that informs us of 'accurate' news every day. The same ignorance that lies about a term so pure just to make it self seem stronger. This ignorance has been fed into the minds of the people around us, almost spoon-fed. The public is a mindless pawn. It will believe whatever this ignorance feeds it. I say we take a stand. I say we wage war with ignorance.
Why?, you may ask. Why would all of these people twist something like that? It's because it was US who embraced the Information Age. It was US who felt right, understood and accepted, and at home through our phone lines. Not them. They were too busy feeding ignorance to the ignorant. They would rather pollute a term and stereotype all hackers as criminals than actually hear our sides of the stories or see our views on everything.
II. What is a hacker?
To me, a hacker is anyone willing to push farther and farther for the gain of knowledge and for the experience. This doesn't have to be in the technology area necessarily, however the term 'hacker' in this tutorial will be directly associated with computers.
Among hacker ethics, there are two types of hackers: white hats and black hats. Some even consider the 'gray hat', which is in between. A white hat is what a hacker truly i. They are in it for the knowledge, the experience, and because the Internet feels like a real home; like a place where they belong. They feel as though they know everyone on the Internet, even though they will probably never meet in person. Black hats, on the other hand, are not real hackers. They are people who will do everything just to be destructive. They are one reason that caused the pollution of the term 'hacker'. Many black hats are script kiddies, or 'skiddies'. This is a term used to identify people who download programs and use them for what they want to do. All they typically know is what to 'click' and what to 'type', but not how everything works. They will use these programs to cause damage and they won't even know what is going on. All they know is where to click to 'hack'.
III. Were do I start?
You may be a beginner hacker. You may be completely new to this, but that is ok. That is the reason why this tutorial was born. As long as you are willing to learn, we are willing to teach. But do note, you must 'crawl before you can walk'. What I am saying is that you need to learn the basics first. This means you SHOULDN'T join a website and immediately ask someone to tell you how to hack a website or a computer. Most likely, you will get no reply you are looking for, and you will end up getting looked down upon.
By the end of this tutorial, you should have a basic understanding of the basics. Feel free to ask questions if you get confused on anything though. Once you understand the basics, everything else will come to you easily.
THE BASICS
I. Networking
Millions of people surf the web each day, however, a small percentage of those people know how the Internet works.
First off, realize that the web and the Internet are two SEPARATE things. The web is all the content on the Internet that can be viewed, modified, shared, etc. through HTTP (Port 80). We will talk about ports later. The Internet is all of the networks in the world and all the ports put together.
-LANs and WANs
There are two types of networks, LANs and WANs. A LAN (Local Area Network) is a network in one area. LANs are typically on the same internet connection (a T1 or T3, depending on how rich the bastards are), and have things such as file and printer sharing enabled. A WAN (Wide Area Network) is a group of inter-connected LANs. Ultimate WAN is the Internet. Think of it like this: All the computers in your school make up a LAN. That LAN may share different drives for students and/or teachers to access and may also have numerous printers shared. Also, that LAN may have a few smaller LANs within it (i.e. A computer lab and a library). All the schools' LANs make up your school district's WAN.
-TCP/IP
You probably use the web a lot, as do milions of others. But do you know what happens internally, or how you are able to use the Internet?
The fact is that there are many different things that occur just when you check your email, make a blog post, or even visit a website. Most of the responsibility of your ability to use the Internet lies with TCP/IP.
While I'm not going to give you a full tutorial of TCP/IP (you can view one here.) simply because I don't want to confuse you, I will explain the basics. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is all the different processes that occur when the Internet is accessed.
When a program transfers data between your computer and the Internet, it uses TCP/IP. First, it sends the request to your TCP/IP layer. Your TCP/IP layer then takes the data, breaks it down into packets, transfers it through the modem to the cables, and sends it to the destination. The receiving machine's TCP/IP layer then takes the data off the cable, compiles the packets into user-readable data, and then displays it. All of this is done in a matter of seconds.
-IP Addresses
Fingerprints. Everyone has them. They help identify criminals and help to solve cases. The familiarity of this term mostly makes you think of that, but in the technology world, you should consider computer fingerprints.
IP Addresses are computer fingerprints. They function just like human fingerprints in a way. They help to solve computer crimes.
But there is a way that human fingerprints and computer fingerprints differ: If you find someone's fingerprint, you can't simply track them down and attack them. With a computer fingerprint, this can be accomplished.
IP Addresses are a set of four numbers ranging from 0 to 255 that are separated by periods (i.e. 65.72.73.81). There are two types of IP Addresses: static and dynamic. Static IPs (or external IPs) never change. They are assigned to connections by ISPs. Dynamic IPs (or internal IPs) are changeable, and they are assigned to devices on a LAN. Note that most computer IPs begin with '192.168' (i.e. 192.168.1.1)
With an IP, someone can find where you live, your network information (ISP, hostname, etc.), and they can even attack you (in cyber terms, not physically, (unless they come to your house O_o))
-Ports
Ports are how all your data transactions are organized. Without ports, you would get data errors, overflows, etc..
There are two types of ports: physical and virtual. Physical ports are on the back of your computer. They require human/physical interaction to be modified. Virtual ports, however, do not require human interaction, although many interactions involve a human.
There are 65, 535 ports. Ports from 0 to 1023 are not allowed for use by programmers. These ports come pre-defined on each computer. They are for common protocols such as HTTP (web), FTP (File Transferring), and Telnet. After ports 1023, the rest can be used for pretty much anything (even more than one protocol/app, as long as it is one at a time.
List of Well Known Ports
# Description
1 TCP Port Service Multiplexer (TCPMUX)
5 Remote Job Entry (RJE)
7 ECHO
18 Message Send Protocol (MSP)
20 FTP -- Data
21 FTP -- Control
22 SSH Remote Login Protocol
23 Telnet
25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
29 MSG ICP
37 Time
42 Host Name Server (Nameserv)
43 WhoIs
49 Login Host Protocol (Login)
53 Domain Name System (DNS)
69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
70 Gopher Services
79 Finger
80 HTTP
103 X.400 Standard
108 SNA Gateway Access Server
109 POP2
110 POP3
115 Simple File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)
118 SQL Services
119 Newsgroup (NNTP)
137 NetBIOS Name Service
139 NetBIOS Datagram Service
143 Interim Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
150 NetBIOS Session Service
156 SQL Server
161 SNMP
179 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
190 Gateway Access Control Protocol (GACP)
194 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
197 Directory Location Service (DLS)
389 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
396 Novell Netware over IP
443 HTTPS
444 Simple Network Paging Protocol (SNPP)
445 Microsoft-DS
458 Apple QuickTime
546 DHCP Client
547 DHCP Server
563 SNEWS
569 MSN
1080 Socks
II. Your Operating System
The operating system of your computer is how you interact with your computer. The layer you see is a Graphical User Interface (GUI). Under that, there is the shell and then the kernel. The GUI layer sends commands to the shell, which is the interface (with no graphics) of the kernel, which is basically the 'brain' of your computer. The kernel then executes the command and sends output back to the shell, which sends it to the GUI, which displays it. This is done by the scripts of your operating system and the scripts of whatever program/tool you are using.
I.E.: You double-click on Notepad. Your GUI layer calls up your shell and says, "Hey, this kid wants to open Notepad.". The shell relays the message with the proper command (which is 'start notepad') to the kernel, which runs through all the scripts required to open Notepad, and then opens it. It calls the shell and says, "Done. Tell the GUI layer to open such and such scripts to display it interactively.". They shell relays this to the GUI, which displays an interactive Notepad window.
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